A new graphene-based tetraethoxysilane-methyltrimethoxysilane sol-gel hybrid magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@G-TEOS-MTMOS) was synthesised, characterized and successfully applied in magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) for simultaneous analysis of polar and non-polar organophosphorus pesticides from several water samples. The Fe3O4@G-TEOS-MTMOS nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Separation, determination and quantification were achieved using gas chromatography coupled with micro electron capture detector. Adsorption capacity of the sorbent was calculated using Langmuir equation. MSPE was linear in the range 100-1000 pg mL(-1) for phosphamidon and dimethoate, and 10-100 pg mL(-1) for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, with limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 19.8, 23.7, 1.4 and 2.9 pg mL(-1) for phosphamidon, dimethoate, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The LODs obtained is well below the maximum residual level (100 pg mL(-1)) as set by European Union for pesticides in drinking water. Acceptable precision (%RSD) was achieved for intra-day (1.3-8.7%, n = 3) and inter-day (7.6-17.8%, n = 15) analyses. Fe3O4@G-TEOS-MTMOS showed high adsorption capacity (54.4-76.3 mg g(-1)) for the selected OPPs. No pesticide residues were detected in the water samples analysed. Excellent extraction recoveries (83-105%) were obtained for the spiked OPPs from tap, river, lake and sea water samples. The newly synthesised Fe3O4@G-TEOS-MTMOS showed high potential as adsorbent for OPPs analysis.
Graphene (G) modified with magnetite (Fe3O4) and sol-gel hybrid tetraethoxysilane-methyltrimethoxysilane (TEOS-MTMOS) was used as a clean-up adsorbent in magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) for direct determination of acrylamide in various food samples prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Good linearity (R2=0.9990) was achieved for all samples using matrix-matched calibration. The limit of detection (LOD=3×SD/m) obtained was 0.061-2.89µgkg-1 for the studied food samples. Native acrylamide was found to be highest in fried potato with bright-fleshed (900.81µgkg-1) and lowest in toasted bread (5.02µgkg-1). High acrylamide relative recovery (RR=82.7-105.2%) of acrylamide was obtained for spiked (5 and 50µgkg-1) food samples. The Fe3O4@G-TEOS-MTMOS is reusable up to 7 times as a clean-up adsorbent with good recovery (>85%). The presence of native acrylamide was confirmed by mass analysis at m/z=71 ([C3H5NO]+) and m/z=55 ([C3H3O]+).
This study describes the synthesis, characterization and application of a new chrysin-based silica core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2-N-chrysin) as an adsorbent for the preconcentration of Cu(II) from aqueous environment. The morphology, thermal stability and magnetic property of Fe3O4@SiO2-N-chrysin were analyzed using FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XRD, thermal analysis and VSM. The extraction efficiency of Fe3O4@SiO2-N-chrysin was analyzed using the batch wise method with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Parameters such as the pH, the sample volume, the adsorption-desorption time, the concentration of the desorption solvent, the desorption volume, the interference effects and the regeneration of the adsorbent were optimized. It was determined that Cu(II) adsorption is highly pH-dependent, and a high recovery (98%) was achieved at a pH 6. The limit of detection (S/N=3), the limit of quantification (S/N=10), the preconcentration factor and the relative standard deviation for Cu(II) extraction were 0.3 ng mL(-1), 1 ng mL(-1), 100 and 1.9% (concentration=30 ng mL(-1), n=7), respectively. Excellent relative recoveries of 97-104% (%RSD<3.12) were achieved from samples from a spiked river, a lake and tap water. The MSPE method was also validated using certified reference materials SLRS-5 with good recovery (92.53%).
A novel nanocomposite of MGO-NGC, composed of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (M), graphene oxide (GO), and N-methyl-d-glucamine functionalized calix[4]arene (NGC), was synthesized and applied as an effective adsorbent for the removal of two selected pesticides, namely hexaconazole and chlorpyrifos from water samples. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, and XRD. The main parameters affecting the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, pH of sample solution, salt effect, pesticide concentration, and adsorption time were investigated. The data from kinetic studies fitted well to the pseudo-second order kinetic model with R2 > 0.99. Among the isotherm models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich, the Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the adsorption process and demonstrated the monolayer adsorption pattern of the pesticides. Moreover, high adsorption capacities of 78.74 and 93.46 mg g-1 were obtained for chlorpyrifos and hexaconazole, respectively. Thermodynamic and free energy data indicated the physisorption mechanism for the adsorption process. The new adsorbent can be employed as an efficient, environment friendly, and highly reusable alternative for the removal of chlorinated pesticides from aqueous media.
A novel adsorbent, palm fatty acid coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNP-FA) was successfully synthesized with immobilization of the palm fatty acid onto the surface of MNPs. The successful synthesis of MNP-FA was further confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses and water contact angle (WCA) measurement. This newly synthesized MNP-FA was applied as magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), namely fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Cry) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from environmental samples prior to High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The MSPE method was optimized by several parameters such as amount of sorbent, desorption solvent, volume of desorption solvent, extraction time, desorption time, pH and sample volume. Under the optimized conditions, MSPE method provided a low detection limit (LOD) for FLT, Pyr, Cry and BaP in the range of 0.01-0.05 ng mL(-1). The PAHs recoveries of the spiked leachate samples ranged from 98.5% to 113.8% with the RSDs (n = 5) ranging from 3.5% to 12.2%, while for the spiked sludge samples, the recoveries ranged from 81.1% to 119.3% with the RSDs (n = 5) ranging from 3.1% to 13.6%. The recyclability study revealed that MNP-FA has excellent reusability up to five times. Chromatrographic analysis demonstrated the suitability of MNP-FA as MSPE adsorbent for the efficient extraction of PAHs from environmental samples.
Calixarene framework functionalized bio-polymeric magnetic composites (MSp-TDI-calix) were synthesized and utilized as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent for the extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely indoprofen (INP), ketoprofen (KTP), ibuprofen (IBP) and fenoprofen (FNP), from environmental water samples. MSp-TDI-calix was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, VSM and BET analysis, and the results were compared with Sp-TDI and Sp-TDI-calix. To maximize the extraction performance of MSp-TDI-calix decisive MSPE affective parameters such as sorbent amount, extraction time, sample volume, type of organic eluent, volume of organic eluent, desorption time and pH were comprehensively optimized prior to HPLC-DAD determination. The analytical validity of the proposed MSPE method was evaluated under optimized conditions and the following figures of merit were acquired: linearity with good determination coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.991) over the concentration range of 0.5-500 µg/L, limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06-0.26 µg/L and limits of quantitation (LOQ) between 0.20-0.89 µg/L. Excellent reproducibility and repeatability under harsh environment with inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations were obtained in the range of 2.5-3.2% and 2.4-3.9% respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for analysis of NSAIDs in tap water, drinking water and river water with recovery efficiency ranging from 88.1-115.8% with %RSD of 1.6-4.6%.
A facile dispersive-micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) method coupled with HPLC for the analysis of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in water samples was developed using a newly prepared magnetic sporopollenin-cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (MS-CNPrTEOS) sorbent. Sporopollenin homogenous microparticles of Lycopodium clavatum spores possessed accessible functional groups that facilitated surface modification. Simple modification was performed by functionalization with 3-cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (CNPrTEOS) and magnetite was introduced onto the biopolymer to simplify the extraction process. MS-CNPrTEOS was identified by infrared spectrometrywhile the morphology and the magnetic property were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. To maximize the extraction performance of ketoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and mefenamic acid using the proposed MS-CNPrTEOS, important D-μ-SPE parameters were comprehensively optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were sorbent amount, 40 mg; extraction time, 5 min; desorption time; 5 min; sample volume, 15 mL; sample pH 2.0; and salt addition, 2.5% (w/v). The feasibility of the developed method was evaluated using spiked tap water, lake water, river water and waste water samples. Results showed that ketoprofen and ibuprofen were linear in the range of 1.0-1000 μg L-1whilst diclofenac and mefenamic acid were linear in the range 0.8-500 μg L-1. The results also showed good detection limits for the studied NSAIDs in the range of 0.21-0.51 μg L-1and good recoveries for spiked water samples in the range of 85.1-106.4%. The MS-CNPrTEOS proved a promising dispersive sorbent and applicable to facile and rapid assay of NSAIDs in water samples.
Magnetic nanocomposites adorned with calixarene were successfully prepared by immobilizing diethanolamine functionalized p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (DEA-Calix) onto silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The synthesis, surface morphology, purity, elemental composition and thermal stability of newly prepared nanocomposites were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Magnetic solid-phase adsorption (MSPA) was employed to explore the adsorption behavior of DEA-Calix-MNPs towards Pb(II) from water samples prior to its flame atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The essential analytical factors governing the adsorption efficiency such as solution pH, mass of adsorbent, concentration and contact time have been investigated and optimized. The results depict that DEA-Calix-MNPs has excellent adsorption efficiency 97% (at pH 5.5) with high adsorption capacity of 51.81 mg g-1 for Pb(II) adsorption. Additionally, kinetic and equilibrium studies suggested that Pb(II) adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherms, respectively. Real sample analysis also confirmed field applicability of the new DEA-Calix-MNPs adsorbent.
The present work describes the successful functionalization/magnetization of bio-polymeric spores of Lycopodium clavatum (sporopollenin) with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine. Analytical techniques, i.e., Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), were used to confirm the formation of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-functionalized magnetic sporopollenin (MNPs-Sp-HEP). The proposed adsorbent (MNPs-Sp-HEP) was used for the removal of noxious Pb(II) and As(III) metal ions from aqueous media through a batch-wise method. Different experimental parameters were optimized for the effective removal of selected noxious metal ions. Maximum adsorption capacity (q m ) 13.36 and 69.85 mg g-1 for Pb(II) and As(III), respectively, were obtained. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG°), entropy (ΔS°), and enthalpy (ΔH°) were also studied from the adsorption results and were used to elaborate the mechanism of their confiscation. The obtained results indicated that newly adsorbent can be successfully applied for the decontamination of noxious Pb(II) and As(III) from the aqueous environment.
A magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) procedure on the newly synthesized magnetic β-cyclodextrin functionalized with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a linker and further modified with bio-polymeric spores of sporopollenin (MSp-TDI-βCD), was developed for the extraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely, indoprofen (INP), ketoprofen (KTP), ibuprofen (IBP) and fenoprofen (FNP) from water samples prior to their HPLC-DAD determination. The newly synthesized MSp-TDI-βCD was comprehensibly characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET and VSM analyses. The separation of selected NSAIDs on MSp-TDI-βCD from aqueous solution was simply achieved by applying an external magnetic field via a permanent magnet. The MSPE parameters affecting extraction performance, i.e. sorbent dosage, sample volume, extraction and desorption time, type of organic eluent and volume and solution pH were investigated and optimized. The proposed method showed linear range between 0.5 and 500 ng ml-1, low limit of detection at S/N = 3 (0.16-0.37 ng ml-1) and limit of quantification at S/N = 10 (0.53-1.22 ng ml-1). The inter-day (n = 15) and intra-day (n = 5) precision for the proposed methods given by relative standard deviation (RSD%) was in the range of 2.5-4.0 and 2.1-5.5, respectively. The extraction recoveries of NSAIDs from environmental samples (tap, drinking and river water) ranged from 92.5% to 123.6%, with satisfactory precision (RSD% less than 12.4%).
Chlorobenzenes (CBs) are persistent and potentially have a carcinogenic effect on mammals. Thus, the determination of CBs is essential for human health. Hence, in this study, novel polyurethane−polysulfone/calix[4]arene (PU-PSU/calix[4]arene) nanofibers were synthesized using an electrospinning approach over in-situ coating on a stainless-steel wire. The nanosorbent was comprehensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The SEM analysis depicted the nanofiber’s unique morphology and size distribution in the range of 50−200 nm. To determine the levels of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene in water samples, freshly prepared nanosorbent was employed using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with gas chromatography micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD). Other calixarenes, such as sulfonated calix[4]arene, p-tert-calixarene, and calix[6]arene were also examined, and among the fabricated sorbents, the PU−PSU/calix[4]arene showed the highest efficiency. The key variables of the procedure, including ionic strength, extraction temperature, extraction duration, and desorption conditions were examined. Under optimal conditions, the LOD (0.1−1.0 pg mL−1), the LDR (0.4−1000 pg mL−1), and the R2 > 0.990 were determined. Additionally, the repeatability from fiber to fiber and the intra-day and inter-day reproducibility were determined to be 1.4−6.0, 4.7−10.1, and 0.9−9.7%, respectively. The nanofiber adsorption capacity was found to be 670−720 pg/g for CBs at an initial concentration of 400 pg mL−1. A satisfactory recovery of 80−106% was attained when the suggested method’s application for detecting chlorobenzenes (CBs) in tap water, river water, sewage water, and industrial water was assessed.
It has been extensively reported that chewing of smokeless tobacco (SLT) can lead to cancers of oral cavity. In present study, the relationship between arsenic (As) exposure via chewing/inhaling different SLT products in oral cancer patients have or/not consumed SLT products was studied. The As in different types of SLT products (gutkha, mainpuri, and snuff) and biological (scalp hair and blood) samples of different types of oral cancer patients and controls were analyzed. Both controls and oral cancer patients have same age group (ranged 30-60 years), socio-economic status, localities, and dietary habits. The concentrations of As in SLT products and biological samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by certified reference materials. The resulted data of present study indicates that the concentration of As was significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of oral cancer patients than those of controls (p<0.001). It was also observed that the values of As were two- to threefolds higher in biological samples of controls subjects, consuming SLT products as compared to those have none of these habits (p>0.01). The intake of As via consuming different SLT may have synergistic effects, in addition to other risk factors associated with oral cancer.