Stress Distributions and Micromovement of Fragment Bone of Pilon Fracture Treated With External Fixator: A Finite Element Analysis

Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are common pathological problems of the human bone tissue. There are some cases of pilon fractures associated with these 2 pathological conditions. In terms of treatment, for a normal and healthy bone with pilon fracture, the use of the Delta external fixator is a favorable option because it can allow early mobilization for patients and provide stability for the healing process. However, the stability of the external fixator differs when there is low bone stiffness, which has not been previously investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the stability of the external fixator to treat pilon fracture associated with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, particularly to differentiate the stress distribution and micromovement of fracture fragment. Three-dimensional finite element models of the ankle and foot bones were reconstructed based on the computed tomography datasets. The bones consisted of 5 metatarsal, 3 cuneiform, and 1 each of cuboid, navicular, calcaneus, talus, fibula, and tibia bones. They were assigned with linear isotropic behavior. The ankle joint consisted of ligament and cartilage, and they were assigned with the use of linear links and the Mooney-Rivlin model, respectively. During simulation of the gait cycle, 70 N and 350 N were applied axially to the tibia bone to represent the swing and stance phases, respectively. The metatarsal and calcaneus bones were fixed to prevent any movement of the rigid body. The study found that the greatest von Mises stress value was observed at the pin-bone interface for the osteoporosis (108 MPa) model, followed by the osteoarthritis (87 MPa) and normal (44 MPa) models, during the stance phase. For micromovement, the osteoporosis model had the largest value at 0.26 mm, followed by the osteoarthritis (0.09 mm) and normal (0.03 mm) models. In conclusion, the greatest magnitudes of stress and micromovement were observed for the osteoporosis bone and extra care should be taken to treat pilon fracture associated with this pathological condition.