Browse publications by year: 2014

Fulltext Properties of An Oral Nanoformulation of A Molecularly Dispersed Amphotericin B Comprising A Composite Matrix of Theobroma Oil and Bee'S Wax

Tan CS, Billa N, Roberts CJ, Scurr DJ

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2014 Dec 19;4(4):905-916.
PMID: 28344257 DOI: 10.3390/nano4040905

An amphotericin B-containing (AmB) solid lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery system intended for oral administration, comprised of bee's wax and theobroma oil as lipid components was formulated with the aim to ascertain the location of AmB within the lipid matrix: (a) a homogenous matrix; (b) a drug-enriched shell; or (c) a drug enriched core. Both the drug-loaded and drug-free nanoparticles were spherical with AmB contributing to an increase in both the z-average diameter (169 ± 1 to 222 ± 2 nm) and zeta potential (40.8 ± 0.9 to 50.3 ± 1.0 mV) of the nanoparticles. A maximum encapsulation efficiency of 21.4% ± 3.0%, corresponding to 10.7 ± 0.4 mg encapsulated AmB within the lipid matrix was observed. Surface analysis and electron microscopic imaging indicated that AmB was dispersed uniformly within the lipid matrix (option (a) above) and, therefore, this is the most suitable of the three models with regard to modeling the propensity for uptake by epithelia and release of AmB in lymph.

MeSH terms: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Animals; Bees; Cacao; Electrons; Lipids; Drug Delivery Systems; Nanoparticles
Fulltext Application of response surface methodology for optimization of decolorization and mineralization of triazo dye Direct Blue 71 by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hafshejani MK, Ogugbue CJ, Morad N

3 Biotech, 2014 Dec;4(6):605-619.
PMID: 28324306 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0192-7

The decolorization and degradation of Direct Blue 71 were investigated using a mono culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterium was able to decolorize the dye medium to 70.43 % within 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. The medium was then aerated for 24 h to promote the biodegradation of the aromatic amines generated from azo bond cleavage. Reduction in total organic carbon in dye medium was 42.58 % in the microaerophilic stage and 78.39 % in the aerobic stage. The degradation metabolites formed were studied using UV-vis techniques, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. Data obtained provide evidence for the formation of aromatic amines and their subsequent oxidative biodegradation by a single strain of P. aeruginosa during successive microaerophilic/aerobic stages in the same flask. The influence of incubation temperature (20-45 °C), medium pH (5-10) and initial dye concentration (25-150 mg/L) on decolorization was evaluated to greatly influence decolorization extent. The optimal decolorization conditions were determined by response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design to obtain maximum decolorization and to determine the significance and interaction effect of the variables on decolorization. The optimal conditions of response were found to be 35.15 °C, pH 8.01 and 49.95 mg/L dye concentration giving an experimental decolorization value of 84.80 %. Very high regression coefficient between the variables and the response (R(2) = 0.9624) indicated a good evaluation of experimental data by polynomial regression model.

MeSH terms: Amines; Azo Compounds; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbon; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fourier Analysis; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Temperature; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Oxidative Stress
Fulltext Genomic profile of the plants with pharmaceutical value

Gantait S, Debnath S, Nasim Ali M

3 Biotech, 2014 Dec;4(6):563-578.
PMID: 28324311 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0218-9

There is an ample genetic diversity of plants with medicinal importance around the globe and this pool of genetic variation serves as the base for selection as well as for plant improvement. Thus, identification, characterization and documentation of the gene pool of medicinal plants are essential for this purpose. Genomic information of many a medicinal plant species has increased rapidly since the past decade and genetic resources available for domestication and improvement programs include genome sequencing, expressed sequence tags sequencing, transcript profiling, gene transmit, molecular markers in favor of mapping and breeding. In recent years, multiple endeavors have been undertaken for genomic characterization of medicinal plant species with the aid of molecular markers for sustainable utilization of gene pool, its conservation and future studies. Recent advancement in genomics is so fast that only some researches have been published till date and to a large extent documentation is restricted to electronic resources. Whole genome profiling of the identified medicinal plant species, carried out by several researchers, based on the DNA fingerprinting, is well documented in the present review. This review will facilitate preparing a database of the widely used, economically important medicinal plant species, based on their genomic organization.
Fulltext Rapidly enlarging renal tumor during pregnancy: diagnostic and management dilemma

Tiang KW, Ng KL, Vega-Vega A, Wood S

J Kidney Cancer VHL, 2014;1(1):12-16.
PMID: 28326245 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2014.6

Urological tumors diagnosed during pregnancy are rare. However, the incidence seems to be increasing largely due to advancements in modern imaging techniques and improved antenatal care. The diagnosis and management of renal tumors during pregnancy poses a dilemma to clinicians. This case report highlights the challenges in managing a large chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a young primigravida patient. Proper antenatal assessment, a multidisciplinary team approach and appropriate discussion with patient are important determinants to achieve the best clinical outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Female; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Mothers; Patient Care Team; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Urologic Neoplasms; Incidence
Fulltext Evaluation of steroid hormones and their receptors in development and progression of renal cell carcinoma

Bennett NC, Rajandram R, Ng KL, Gobe GC

J Kidney Cancer VHL, 2014;1(2):17-25.
PMID: 28326246 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2014.9

Steroid hormones and their receptors have important roles in normal kidney biology, and alterations in their expression and function help explain the differences in development of kidney diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. The distinct gender difference in incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with males having almost twice the incidence as females globally, also suggests a role for sex hormones or their receptors in RCC development and progression. There was a peak in interest in evaluating the roles of androgen and estrogen receptors in RCC pathogenesis in the late 20th century, with some positive outcomes for RCC therapy that targeted estrogen receptors, especially for metastatic disease. Since that time, however, there have been few studies that look at use of steroid hormone modulators for RCC, especially in the light of new therapies such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and new immune therapies, which are having some success for treatment of metastatic RCC. This review summarises past and current literature and attempts to stimulate renewed interest in research into the steroid hormones and their receptors, which might be used to effect, for example, in combination with the other newer targeted therapies for RCC.
Fulltext Fermented Brown Rice Flour as Functional Food Ingredient

Ilowefah M, Chinma C, Bakar J, Ghazali HM, Muhammad K, Makeri M

Foods, 2014 Feb 12;3(1):149-159.
PMID: 28234309 DOI: 10.3390/foods3010149

As fermentation could reduce the negative effects of bran on final cereal products, the utilization of whole-cereal flour is recommended, such as brown rice flour as a functional food ingredient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented brown rice flour on white rice flour, white rice batter and its steamed bread qualities. Brown rice batter was fermented using commercial baker's yeast (Eagle brand) according to the optimum conditions for moderate acidity (pH 5.5) to obtain fermented brown rice flour (FBRF). The FBRF was added to white rice flour at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% levels to prepare steamed rice bread. Based on the sensory evaluation test, steamed rice bread containing 40% FBRF had the highest overall acceptability score. Thus, pasting properties of the composite rice flour, rheological properties of its batter, volume and texture properties of its steamed bread were determined. The results showed that peak viscosity of the rice flour containing 40% FBRF was significantly increased, whereas its breakdown, final viscosity and setback significantly decreased. Viscous, elastic and complex moduli of the batter having 40% FBRF were also significantly reduced. However, volume, specific volume, chewiness, resilience and cohesiveness of its steamed bread were significantly increased, while hardness and springiness significantly reduced in comparison to the control. These results established the effectiveness of yeast fermentation in reducing the detrimental effects of bran on the sensory properties of steamed white rice bread and encourage the usage of brown rice flour to enhance the quality of rice products.

MeSH terms: Animals; Bread; Edible Grain; Fermentation; Flour; Hardness; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oryza; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Steam; Viscosity; Triticum; Yeast, Dried; Eagles; Functional Food
Fulltext Development of Next Generation Stevia Sweetener: Rebaudioside M

Prakash I, Markosyan A, Bunders C

Foods, 2014 Feb 27;3(1):162-175.
PMID: 28234311 DOI: 10.3390/foods3010162

This work aims to review and showcase the unique properties of rebaudioside M as a natural non-caloric potential sweetener in food and beverage products. To determine the potential of rebaudioside M, isolated from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, as a high potency sweetener, we examined it with the Beidler Model. This model estimated that rebaudioside M is 200-350 times more potent than sucrose. Numerous sensory evaluations of rebaudioside M's taste attributes illustrated that this steviol glycoside possesses a clean, sweet taste with a slightly bitter or licorice aftertaste. The major reaction pathways in aqueous solutions (pH 2-8) for rebaudioside M are similar to rebaudioside A. Herein we demonstrate that rebaudioside M could be of great interest to the global food industry because it is well-suited for blending and is functional in a wide variety of food and beverage products.

MeSH terms: Beverages; Glucosides; Glycyrrhiza; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Trisaccharides; Triterpenes; Food Industry; Stevia; Diterpenes, Kaurane
Molecular and clinical investigation of Iranian patients with Friedreich ataxia

Salehi MH, Houshmand M, Aryani O, Kamalidehghan B, Khalili E

Iran Biomed J, 2014;18(1):28-33.
PMID: 24375160

BACKGROUND: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet expansions in the FXN gene. Its product, frataxin, which severely reduces in FRDA patients, leads to oxidative damage in mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the triple nucleotide repeated expansions in Iranian FRDA patients and to elucidate distinguishable FRDA clinical differences in these patients.
METHODS: A number of 22 Iranian patients (8 females and 14 males) from 16 unrelated families were studied. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of patients. The frequency and length of (GAA)n repeats in intron 1 of the FXN gene were analyzed using long-range PCR. In this study, the clinical criteria of FRDA in our patients and the variability in their clinical signs were also demonstrated.
RESULTS: An inverse relationship was observed between GAA repeat size and the age of onset. Although some distinguishable clinical features (such as limb ataxia and lower limb areflexia) were found in our patients, 90-95% of them had extensor plantar response and dysarthria. The results showed only one positive diabetes patient and also different effects on eye movement abnormality among our patients.
CONCLUSION: The onset age of symptoms showed a significant inverse correlation with allele size in our patients (P>0.05). Based on comparisons of the clinical data of all patients, clinical presentation of FRDA in Iranian patients did not differ significantly from other FRDA patients previously reported.

MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Ataxia/genetics; Reflex, Babinski/genetics; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA/analysis; Dysarthria/genetics; Female; Friedreich Ataxia/diagnosis; Friedreich Ataxia/genetics*; Humans; Iran; Male; Mitochondria/pathology; Age of Onset; Disease Progression; Trinucleotide Repeats/genetics*; Iron-Binding Proteins/genetics*; Young Adult
487PSURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE DATA FROM THE ACT ONE RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PHASE II STUDY OF ESPINDOLOL FOR THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF CACHEXIA IN PATIENTS WITH STAGE III / IV NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER OR COLORECTAL CANCER

Beadle J, Coats A, Ho GF, Prabhash K, von Haeling S, Brown R, et al.

Ann Oncol, 2014 Sep 01;25(suppl_4):iv162-iv163.
PMID: 28172258 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu331.47
Effects of surface coating on reducing friction and wear of orthopaedic implants

Ching HA, Choudhury D, Nine MJ, Abu Osman NA

Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2014 Feb;15(1):014402.
PMID: 27877638

Coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) and titanium nitride (TiN) are employed in joint implants due to their excellent tribological properties. Recently, graphite-like carbon (GLC) and tantalum (Ta) have been proven to have good potential as coating as they possess mechanical properties similar to bones-high hardness and high flexibility. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to summarize the coating techniques of these four materials in order to compare their mechanical properties and tribological outcomes. Eighteen studies published between January 2000 and February 2013 have met the inclusion criteria for this review. Details of their fabrication parameters, material and mechanical properties along with the tribological outcomes, such as friction and wear rate, were identified and are presented in a systematic way. Although experiment conditions varied, we conclude that Ta has the lowest wear rate compared to DLC, GLC and TiN because it has a lower wear rate with high contact pressure as well as higher hardness to elasticity ratio. However, a further tribology test is needed in an environment which replicates artificial joints to confirm the acceptability of these findings.
The Kinetics of Enzyme Mixtures

Brown S, Muhamad N, C Pedley K, C Simcock D

Mol Biol Res Commun, 2014 Mar;3(1):21-32.
PMID: 27843974

Even purified enzyme preparations are often heterogeneous. For example, preparations of aspartate aminotransferase or cytochrome oxidase can consist of several different forms of the enzyme. For this reason we consider how different the kinetics of the reactions catalysed by a mixture of forms of an enzyme must be to provide some indication of the characteristics of the species present. Based on the standard Michaelis-Menten model, we show that if the Michaelis constants (Km) of two isoforms differ by a factor of at least 20 the steady-state kinetics can be used to characterise the mixture. However, even if heterogeneity is reflected in the kinetic data, the proportions of the different forms of the enzyme cannot be estimated from the kinetic data alone. Consequently, the heterogeneity of enzyme preparations is rarely reflected in measurements of their steady-state kinetics unless the species present have significantly different kinetic properties. This has two implications: (1) it is difficult, but not impossible, to detect molecular heterogeneity using kinetic data and (2) even when it is possible, a considerable quantity of high quality data is required.

MeSH terms: Data Accuracy; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Catalysis; Electron Transport Complex IV; Hydrolases; Kinetics; Protein Isoforms
Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An international survey

Macedo-Viñas M, Conly J, Francois P, Aschbacher R, Blanc DS, Coombs G, et al.

J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2014 Mar;2(1):43-47.
PMID: 27873637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2013.08.003

The antibiotic susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates reported from 17 countries in the Americas, Europe and, Australia-Asia were analysed. Among a total of 3236 non-duplicate isolates, the lowest susceptibility was observed to erythromycin in all regions. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin showed large variation (25%, 75% and 84% in the Americas, Europe and Australia-Asia, respectively). Two vancomycin-intermediate PVL-positive MRSA isolates were reported, one from Hong Kong and the other from The Netherlands. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and linezolid was <1%. Among 1798 MRSA isolates from 13 countries that were tested for the requested 10 non-β-lactam antibiotics, 49.4% were multisusceptible. However, multiresistant isolates (resistant to at least three classes of non-β-lactam antibiotics) were reported from all regions. Sequence type 30 (ST30) was reported worldwide, whereas ST80 and ST93 were exclusive to Europe and Australia, respectively. USA300 and related clones (ST8) are progressively replacing the ST80 clone in several European countries. Eight major clusters were discriminated by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat assay (MLVA), showing a certain geographic specificity. PVL-positive MRSA isolates frequently remain multisusceptible to non-β-lactam agents, but multiresistance is already prevalent in all regions. Surveillance of MRSA susceptibility patterns should be monitored to provide clinicians with the most current information regarding changes in resistance patterns.
MDRO Beijing Consensus Meeting Report: Global burden of multidrug-resistant organisms' current antimicrobial resistance problems in Asia-Pacific

Gould IM, Wang GQ, Wu JJ, Lim VK, Hutchinson J, Walsh T, et al.

J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2014 Mar;2(1):7-9.
PMID: 27873642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2013.10.005

The International Society of Chemotherapy's Working Groups on Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Stewardship convened a half-day workshop on the burden of multidrug-resistant organisms in the Asia-Pacific. This short review is a summary of their discussion and conclusions.

MeSH terms: Asia; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Societies; Enterococcus
High burden of antimicrobial drug resistance in Asia

Lai CC, Lee K, Xiao Y, Ahmad N, Veeraraghavan B, Thamlikitkul V, et al.

J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2014 Sep;2(3):141-147.
PMID: 27873720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2014.02.007

The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance among micro-organisms is a serious public health concern. Moreover, the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria makes this issue a global problem, and Asia is no exception. For example, since New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing Enterobacteriaceae were identified in India, further spread of NDM has become a worldwide threat. However, the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Asia may be different to other regions, and clinical condition may be worse than in western countries. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including community-acquired and hospital-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, macrolide- and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, extend-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., are becoming prevalent in many countries in Asia. Moreover, the prevalence of each antibiotic-resistant bacterium in each country is not identical. This review provides useful information regarding the critical condition of antibiotic resistance in Asia and emphasises the importance of continuous surveillance of resistance data.
A comparison study of different physical treatments on cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Moradi A, Pramanik S, Ataollahi F, Abdul Khalil A, Kamarul T, Pingguan-Murphy B

Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2014 Dec;15(6):065001.
PMID: 27877731

Native cartilage matrix derived (CMD) scaffolds from various animal and human sources have drawn attention in cartilage tissue engineering due to the demonstrable presence of bioactive components. Different chemical and physical treatments have been employed to enhance the micro-architecture of CMD scaffolds. In this study we have assessed the typical effects of physical cross-linking methods, namely ultraviolet (UV) light, dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment, and combinations of them on bovine articular CMD porous scaffolds with three different matrix concentrations (5%, 15% and 30%) to assess the relative strengths of each treatment. Our findings suggest that UV and UV-DHT treatments on 15% CMD scaffolds can yield architecturally optimal scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
ACE Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Collagen Hydrolysates from the Ribbon Jellyfish (Chrysaora sp.)

Barzideh Z, Latiff AA, Gan CY, Abedin MZ, Alias AK

Food Technol Biotechnol, 2014 Dec;52(4):495-504.
PMID: 27904323

Collagen isolated from the ribbon jellyfish (Chrysaora sp.) was hydrolysed using three different proteases (i.e. trypsin, alcalase and Protamex) to obtain bioactive peptides. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant activities (i.e. ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) of the peptides were measured and compared, and the effect of the duration of hydrolysis on the bioactivity (ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities) of peptides was also evaluated. FRAP activity was the highest in Protamex-induced (25-27 mM) and trypsin-induced hydrolysates (24-26 mM) at 7 and 9 h, respectively. Conversely, hydrolysates produced by trypsin for 1 and 3 h showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities (94 and 92%, respectively). Trypsin-induced hydrolysates (at 3 h) also showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (89%). The peptide sequences with the highest activities were identified using tandem mass spectrometry, and the results show that the hydrolysates had a high content of hydrophobic amino acids as well as unique amino acid sequences, which likely contribute to their biological activities.
Fulltext A review on the assessment of airborne particles settlement and various airflow distributions in hospital operating room

Wong, K. Y., H. Mohamed Kamar, Mohd Zawawi, F., Kamsah, N.

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2014;4(1):20-30.
MyJurnal

Healthcare facilities in a hospital has diverse indoor cleanliness due to the different health
needs by the patients. Among the facilities, an operating room was identified as a critical space that
required high cleanliness environment. In recent years, an ISO 14644-1 Standard of Class 1 to Class 7
is prescribed in operating room for better particles concentration and airflow controlled. The objective
of this article is to review the assessment of airborne particles transportation and airflow distribution
in an operating room. This study shows that two main types of ventilation strategies have been widely
installed to control airborne particles trajectory, namely unidirectional airflow system and mixing
airflow system.
Fulltext Housing improvement using quality function development in Melaka resident area: a case study

Salim, M. A., Wan Mohamad, W. M. F., Maksom, Z., Kamat, S. R., Sukarma, L., Putra, A., et al.

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2014;4(1):7-19.
MyJurnal

This paper presents the housing improvement proposition in the Melaka resident area.Quality Function Deployment is used as a method to analyze customer behavior regarding customer requirement, satisfaction and comparison among the developers. By using this method, the main requirement by the buyer for their bungalow is their need of sufficient space to place their appliances in the house. At the end of the study, the details of buyer requirements are plotted into House of Quality, where it is believed to improve the quality of future bungalow house development in Melaka.

MeSH terms: Consumer Behavior; Forecasting; Housing; Paper; Personal Satisfaction; Physicians
Fulltext The concept of Kano-QFD integration for nonlinear customer needs in product and service design

Nordin, N., Razak, R. C.

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2014;4(1):1-6.
MyJurnal

High quality of product and service is always demanded by customers. Conversely, poor
quality of product and service will result with customer dissatisfaction. However, this linear
relationship is no longer accurate due to the complexity nature of customer needs. Non-linear
relationship should be considered for more accurate evaluation of customer needs. This paper
presents a concept of Kano model and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) integration to evaluate
the non-linearity of customer needs towards the quality of products or services. By a case study, the
developed Kano-QFD model is validated with the theory of Kano model and found to have well
agreement. Further application for product development is recommended for future research.
Fulltext Factors influencing customers’ trust in the use of automated teller machine (atm) services in Sokoto state, Nigeria

Bada, A. B., Karupiah, P.

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2014;3(1):29-45.
MyJurnal

The use of automated teller machine (ATM) services by bank customers in Sokoto State,
Nigeria depends on the level of trust they have towards its operating nature. The positive or negative
perception that bank customers’ develop towards trust tends to determine their level of ATM usage.
Therefore, this article adopted the following factors (attitude towards behaviour, intention behaviour,
actual usage, perceived ease of use and usefulness) from technology acceptance model (TAM) to assess
their influence on customers’ trust in the use of ATM services in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Correlation
analysis was conducted on 300 customers of some selected banks (Guaranty Trust Bank, Zenith Bank,
First Bank, Eco Bank and Mainstreet Bank) in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The result shows that attitude
towards behaviour, intention behaviour, actual usage, perceived ease of use and usefulness has a
significant and positive relationship with customers’ trust in the use of ATM services in Sokoto State,
Nigeria.

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