Browse publications by year: 2002

Altholactone, a novel styryl-lactone induces apoptosis via oxidative stress in human HL-60 leukemia cells

Inayat-Hussain SH, Osman AB, Din LB, Taniguchi N

Toxicol Lett, 2002 May 28;131(3):153-9.
PMID: 11992734

Plant styryl-lactone derivatives isolated from Goniothalamus sp. are potential compounds for cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we have examined the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by altholactone, a stryl-lactone isolated from the Malaysian plant G. malayanus on human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) using the annexin V/PI method on altholactone treated HL-60 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase of apoptosis from concentrations ranging from 10.8 (2.5 microg/ml) to 172.4 microM (40 microg/ml). Pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM) completely abrogated apoptosis induced by altholactone, suggesting for the involvement of oxidative stress. Further flow cytometric assessment of the level of intracellular peroxides using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) confirmed that altholactone induced an increase in cellular oxidative stress in HL-60 cells which was suppressed by N-acetylcysteine. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that altholactone induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells occurs via oxidative stress.

MeSH terms: Acetylcysteine/pharmacology; Antioxidants/pharmacology; Flow Cytometry; Fluoresceins; Furans/pharmacology; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Pyrones/pharmacology; Apoptosis/drug effects*; Annexin A5; Oxidative Stress/drug effects*; HL-60 Cells
Can the Neuman Systems Model be adapted to the Malaysian nursing context?

Shamsudin N

Int J Nurs Pract, 2002 Apr;8(2):99-105.
PMID: 11993583

Nursing in Malaysia is still developing as a profession. Issues such as using nursing conceptual models or frameworks in the delivery of nursing care have not been addressed by the majority of nurses. One reason for this has been the level of education and preparation of nurses, while another reason lies with the origins of existing nursing conceptual models. Most nursing conceptual models have their origins in North America. Their utility by nurses of different cultures and academic preparations might not be appropriate. Nursing is a social activity, an interaction between the nurse and the patient. It is carried out in a social environment within a particular culture. Conceptual models developed in one culture might not be readily implanted into another culture. This paper discusses how a conceptual model developed in North America; that is, the Neuman Systems Model, can be adapted into the Malaysian nursing context.

MeSH terms: Humans; Malaysia; Nursing/organization & administration*; Nursing Care/organization & administration*
Fulltext A study of the concordance between endoscopic gastritis and histological gastritis in an area with a low background prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection

Kaur G, Raj SM

Singapore Med J, 2002 Feb;43(2):090-2.
PMID: 11993896

The concordance between endoscopic and histological gastritis was determined in 52 patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The study was conducted in Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia, an area with a low background prevalence of H. pylori infection. Endoscopic and histological gastritis were assessed in accordance with the Sydney System. The results showed poor concordance between endoscopic and histological gastritis even after reclassifying mild endoscopic gastritis as normal. The low prevalence of H. pylori was validated in this study.

MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Gastritis/diagnosis*; Gastritis/pathology; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/standards*; Helicobacter pylori*; Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis*; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology
Private medical practitioners and managed care in Malaysia: a survey of knowledge and attitudes held by Federal Territory based doctors

Marnoch G, Lian PC

Soc Sci Med, 2002 Mar;54(6):869-77.
PMID: 11996021

This paper considers the subject of managed care in Malaysia, providing a questionnaire-based analysis of the position adopted by private medical practitioners. Managed care is now seen as the dominant health care system in the United States, with many other countries around the world including Malaysia beginning to selectively use component parts to tackle particular health care problems. In this survey it was found that three out of four respondents have concerns regarding the implementation of managed care. The survey was used to identify and categorise these concerns. At the same time, three out of four respondents held the opinion that principles of managed care were already a reality or would be in the next 5 years. This group expressed an eagerness to be trained in managed care principles and be given the opportunity to be part of managed care organisations. It is argued that clinicians' knowledge and interest perceptions are an important influence on the implementation of managed care based systems. The survey-based evidence presented in this article is intended as a measure of current understandings and beliefs, in relation to clinical micro-management process associated with managed care.

MeSH terms: Adult; Aged; Attitude of Health Personnel*; Female; Health Planning Guidelines; Humans; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*; Malaysia; Male; Managed Care Programs/organization & administration; Managed Care Programs/statistics & numerical data*; Middle Aged; National Health Programs/organization & administration*; Physicians/psychology*; Physicians/statistics & numerical data; Private Practice; Privatization; Surveys and Questionnaires; Professional Autonomy; Capitalism
Indoor thermal fogging against vector mosquitoes with two Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, Vectobac ABG 6511 water-dispersible granules and Vectobac 12AS liquid

Yap HH, Lee YW, Zairi J

J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2002 Mar;18(1):52-6.
PMID: 11998931

Bioefficacy of thermal fogging application of 2 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, Vectobac ABG 6511 water-dispersible granules (3,000 international toxic unit [ITU]/mg) and Vectobac 12AS liquid (1,200 ITU/mg), was assessed for larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles dirus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Portable Agrofog AF35 sprayers were used to apply the 2 formulations indoors in residential premises on Penang Island, Malaysia. Vectobac ABG 6511 showed good larvicidal effect against all 4 mosquito species at 3 of the higher doses tested (2.91 x 10(9), 1.45 x 10(9), and 0.71 x 10(9) ITU/ha), with more than 96% mortality at 48 h after spraying. As a comparative formulation, Vectobac 12AS also showed good larvicidal activity against all 4 mosquito species at 2 of the higher doses tested (2.87 x 10(9) and 1.46 x 10(9) ITU/ha), with more than 92.5% mortality at 48 h after spraying. Larvae of An. dirus were significantly more susceptible to both water-based Vectobac formulations when compared to the other 3 mosquito species. Both microbial formulations showed better efficacy at higher doses. However, even at the lowest dose tested, Vectobac ABG 6511 and Vectobac 12AS (both at 0.36 x 10(9) ITU/ha) showed larvicidal properties, with more than 66% mortality at 48 h after spraying. Overall, for this bacterial agent, the water-dispersible granule formulation has better prospects than the liquid formulation for the control of larvae of vector mosquitoes.

MeSH terms: Aedes; Aerosols; Animals; Anopheles; Bacillus thuringiensis; Culex; Housing; Insect Vectors*; Larva; Malaysia; Culicidae*
A modified toxicity testing method using tropical marine microalgae

Ismail M, Phang SM, Tong SL, Brown MT

Environ Monit Assess, 2002 Apr;75(2):145-54.
PMID: 12002283

Toxicity testing of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn and As) using four species of tropical marine phytoplankton, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrahele and Tetraselmis sp., was carried out in multiwell plates with test volumes of 2 mL and the results compared to those of standard, large volume, shake-flasks. IC50 values (concentrations of metals estimated to inhibit 50% growth relative to the control) were determined after 96 hours based on automated O.D. readings measured in Elisa microplates by a Multiskan spectrophotometer. Good agreement was achieved between O.D. readings and cell counts indicating that this new method is a simple, economical, practical and rapid technique for toxicity testing, and provides good reproducibility of IC50 values. Results of the toxicity tests indicate that Cu was the most toxic metal (average IC50 values ranging from 0.04 to 0.37 mg L(-1)), followed by Cd (0.06-5.7 mg L(-1)), Mn (7.2-21.4 mg L(-1)) and As (33.9-319.3 mg L(-1)). Test species had different degrees of sensitivity to the metals tested, with I. galbana and C. calcitrans the most sensitive to Cu, Cd and Mn. Based on these findings it is recommended that the existing Malaysian Interim Standards for Marine Water Quality for Cd and Cu be reviewed.

MeSH terms: Environmental Monitoring; Phytoplankton*; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tropical Climate; Water Pollutants/toxicity*; Water Supply; Reproducibility of Results; Toxicity Tests/methods*; Metals, Heavy/toxicity*; Eukaryota*
The effect of early-age food restriction on heat shock protein 70 response in heat-stressed female broiler chickens

Zulkifli I, Che Norma MT, Israf DA, Omar AR

Br Poult Sci, 2002 Mar;43(1):141-5.
PMID: 12003331

1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of early-age food restriction on heat shock protein (hsp) 70 synthesis in the brains of female broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperatures. 2. Chicks were brooded for 3 weeks and then maintained at 24+/-1 degrees C. 3. On d 0, chicks were assigned to one of 4 feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to 4 cages of chicks. The regimens were: (1) ad libitum feeding (AL); (2) 80% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F80); (3) 60% food restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F60); and (4) 40% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F40). From d 35 to d 41, all chicks were subjected to 38+/-1 degrees C for 2 h/d. 4. One day following food restriction (d 7), hsp 70 expression in the brain samples of F60 and F40 chicks was augmented but not those fed AL and F80. 5. Prior to the heat challenge (d 35), all chicks had similar hsp 70 response. Irrespective of feeding regimen, there was a marked increase in hsp 70 expression after 4 d of heat treatment (d 38). Following 7 d of heat exposure (d 41), except for the F60 chicks, the augmented hsp 70 expression in the brains of AL, F80 and F40 birds was not maintained. 6. Enhancement of hsp 70 expression was noted in birds subjected to F60, but not AL, F80 or F40, throughout the period of heat exposure.

MeSH terms: Animals; Brain Chemistry/physiology*; Chickens/physiology*; Female; Food Deprivation/physiology*; Hot Temperature/adverse effects; Random Allocation; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis*
Fulltext Risk factors associated with severe viral croup in hospitalised Malaysian children

Chan PW

Singapore Med J, 2002 Mar;43(3):124-7.
PMID: 12005337

To determine the risk factors associated with severe viral croup in hospitalised Malaysian children.

MeSH terms: Airway Obstruction/etiology*; Airway Obstruction/epidemiology; Airway Obstruction/virology; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Virus Diseases/etiology*; Virus Diseases/epidemiology; Treatment Outcome
An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance

McMinn PC

FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2002 Mar;26(1):91-107.
PMID: 12007645

Since its discovery in 1969, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognised as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. There has been a significant increase in EV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Recent HFMD epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary oedema and high case-fatality rates. The emergence of large-scale epidemic activity in the Asia-Pacific region has been associated with the circulation of three genetic lineages that appear to be undergoing rapid evolutionary change. Two of these lineages (B3 and B4) have not been described previously and appear to have arisen from an endemic focus in equatorial Asia, which has served as a source of virus for HFMD epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia. The third lineage (C2) has previously been identified [Brown, B.A. et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73, 9969-9975] and was primarily responsible for the large HFMD epidemic in Taiwan during 1998. As EV71 appears not to be susceptible to newly developed antiviral agents and a vaccine is not currently available, control of EV71 epidemics through high-level surveillance and public health intervention needs to be maintained and extended throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Future research should focus on (1) understanding the molecular genetics of EV71 virulence, (2) identification of the receptor(s) for EV71, (3) development of antiviral agents to ameliorate the severity of neurological disease and (4) vaccine development to control epidemics. Following the successful experience of the poliomyelitis control programme, it may be possible to control EV71 epidemics if an effective live-attenuated vaccine is developed.

MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Molecular Sequence Data; Public Health*; Virulence/genetics; Evolution, Molecular*; History, 20th Century
Application of the artificial neural network in quantitative structure-gradient elution retention relationship of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids derivatives

Tham SY, Agatonovic-Kustrin S

J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2002 May 15;28(3-4):581-90.
PMID: 12008137

Quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) method was used to model reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation of 18 selected amino acids. Retention data for phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) amino acids derivatives were obtained using gradient elution on ODS column with mobile phase of varying acetonitrile, acetate buffer and containing 0.5 ml/l of triethylamine (TEA). Molecular structure of each amino acid was encoded with 36 calculated molecular descriptors. The correlation between the molecular descriptors and the retention time of the compounds in the calibration set was established using the genetic neural network method. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to select important molecular descriptors and supervised artificial neural network (ANN) was used to correlate mobile phase composition and selected descriptors with the experimentally derived retention times. Retention time values were used as the network's output and calculated molecular descriptors and mobile phase composition as the inputs. The best model with five input descriptors was chosen, and the significance of the selected descriptors for amino acid separation was examined. Results confirmed the dominant role of the organic modifier in such chromatographic systems in addition to lipophilicity (log P) and molecular size and shape (topological indices) of investigated solutes.

MeSH terms: Amino Acids/analysis*; Artificial Intelligence; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Indicators and Reagents; Reference Standards; Solubility; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiocarbamates/analysis*; Neural Networks (Computer); Nonlinear Dynamics
Fulltext Malaysian children with spina bifida: relationship between functional outcome and level of lesion

Ong LC, Lim YN, Sofiah A

Singapore Med J, 2002 Jan;43(1):12-7.
PMID: 12008770

To determine the relationship between spinal lesion level and functional outcome in children with spina bifida.

MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living*; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Status*; Humans; Male; Physical Examination; Prospective Studies; Spina Bifida Occulta/pathology*; Spina Bifida Occulta/physiopathology*
Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A from different geographical regions in Asia

Goh YL, Puthucheary SD, Chaudhry R, Bhutta ZA, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, et al.

J Appl Microbiol, 2002;92(6):1167-71.
PMID: 12010557

Subtyping of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Malaysia was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these isolates from different endemic countries.

MeSH terms: Asia/epidemiology; Disease Outbreaks; DNA, Bacterial/analysis; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology*; Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology; Salmonella paratyphi A/classification; Salmonella paratyphi A/genetics*; Genetic Variation; Endemic Diseases
Analysis of tocotrienols in different sample matrixes by HPLC

Sundram K, Nor RM

Methods Mol Biol, 2002;186:221-32.
PMID: 12013770
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/chemistry; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods*; Fats/analysis; Food Analysis/methods; Guinea Pigs; Liver/chemistry; Vitamin E/metabolism; Tocotrienols/analysis*; Tocotrienols/blood
Annual changes in fecal estradiol-17beta concentrations of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Sarawak, Malaysia

Onuma M, Suzuki M, Uchida E, Niiyama M, Ohtaishi N

J Vet Med Sci, 2002 Apr;64(4):309-13.
PMID: 12014574

Fecal estradiol concentrations were measured in three captive unmated female sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) from August 1998 to July 1999 in Sarawak, Malaysia and vaginal smears from one of the females was observed in August 1998 and March 1999. A single peak in fecal estradiol concentration was obvious for each bear in August or September 1998, and there was a much higher percentage of superficial vaginal anuclear cells in August 1998 than in March 1999. These results suggest that sun bears in Sarawak are likely to be a seasonal breeder associated with a peak of estrogen production in August or September.

MeSH terms: Animals; Ursidae/metabolism*; Estradiol/blood; Estradiol/metabolism*; Estrus/physiology; Feces/chemistry*; Female; Malaysia; Seasons
Lensed optical fiber sensors for on-line measurement of flow

Ibrahim S, Green RG, Dutton K, Abdul Rahim R

ISA Trans, 2002 Jan;41(1):13-8.
PMID: 12014798

This paper describes a system using lensed optical fiber sensors that are arranged in the form of two orthogonal projections. The sensors are placed around a process vessel for upstream and downstream measurements. The purpose of the system is for on-line monitoring of particles and droplets being conveyed by a fluid. The lenses were constructed using a custom heating fixture. The fixture enables the lenses to be constructed with similar radii resulting in identical characteristics with minimum differences in transmitted intensity and emission angle. By collimating radiation from two halogen bulbs, radiation can be obtained by the sensors with radiation intensity related to the nature of the media. Each sensor interrogates a finite section of the measurement section. Each sensor provides a view. Parallel sensors provide a projection. Signal processing is carried out on the measured data in the time and frequency domains to investigate the latent information present in the flow signals.

MeSH terms: Algorithms; Equipment Design; Fiber Optic Technology/instrumentation*; Fiber Optic Technology/methods; Models, Theoretical; Rheology/instrumentation*; Rheology/methods*; Optical Fibers
Vestibular nerve section in a child with intractable Menière's disease

See GB, Mahmud MR, Zurin AA, Putra SH, Saim LB

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2002 May 31;64(1):61-4.
PMID: 12020915

Clinical presentation of Menière's disease in children is not as typical as in adults. The triad of vertigo, tinnitus and deafness are not usually elicited, diagnosis often being made after years of follow up and batteries of investigation. A case of Menière's disease in a 3-year-old boy is presented. The diagnosis was only obvious at the age of 8 when the triad of vertigo, deafness and tinnitus were present. His disease progressed despite a trial of intratympanic gentamicin injections and endolymphatic sac decompression. Vestibular nerve section was subsequently performed for his intractable disease. Following the procedure he was asymptomatic and able to attend school.

MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Child, Preschool; Ear, Middle/drug effects; Ear, Middle/innervation*; Gentamicins/pharmacology; Hearing/drug effects; Humans; Male; Meniere Disease/complications; Meniere Disease/drug therapy; Meniere Disease/surgery*; Tinnitus/drug therapy; Vertigo/drug therapy; Vestibular Nerve/surgery*
Novel peptides that inhibit the propagation of Newcastle disease virus

Ramanujam P, Tan WS, Nathan S, Yusoff K

Arch Virol, 2002 May;147(5):981-93.
PMID: 12021868

A disulfide constrained random heptapeptide library displayed on filamentous bacteriophage M13 was applied to select specific ligands that interact with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). A fusion phage carrying the amino acid sequence TLTTKLY was selected from the panning procedure. An antibody competition assay showed that the selected phage was capable of competing with the polyclonal antibodies raised against NDV for binding sites on the virus. Determination of the binding affinity of this phage with NDV by an equilibrium binding assay in solution revealed two different dissociation constants, suggesting that there could be two distinct binding sites for the phage on NDV. Synthetic peptides with the sequence CTLTTKLYC, either in linear or cyclic conformations inhibited the binding of phage bearing the same sequence to NDV. These peptides also inhibited the hemolytic activity of the virus as well as its propagation in embryonated chicken eggs.

MeSH terms: Animals; Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology*; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Chick Embryo; Disulfides; Hemolysis/drug effects; Immune Sera/pharmacology; Ligands; Newcastle disease virus/drug effects*; Newcastle disease virus/growth & development; Newcastle disease virus/immunology; Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis; Oligopeptides/isolation & purification; Oligopeptides/pharmacology*; Consensus Sequence; Bacteriophage M13/drug effects; Bacteriophage M13/genetics; Bacteriophage M13/chemistry; Peptide Library
Method development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for tramadol in human plasma using liquid-liquid extraction

Gan SH, Ismail R, Wan Adnan WA, Wan Z

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2002 May 25;772(1):123-9.
PMID: 12016023

An HPLC system using a simple liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC with UV detection has been validated to determine tramadol concentration in human plasma. The method developed was selective and linear for concentrations ranging from 10 to 2000 ng/ml with average recovery of 98.63%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 10 ng/ml and the percentage recovery of the internal standard phenacetin was 76.51%. The intra-day accuracy ranged from 87.55 to 105.99% and the inter-day accuracy, 93.44 to 98.43% for tramadol. Good precision (5.32 and 6.67% for intra- and inter-day, respectively) was obtained at LOQ. The method has been applied to determine tramadol concentrations in human plasma samples for a pharmacokinetic study.

MeSH terms: Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage; Analgesics, Opioid/blood*; Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods*; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Injections, Intravenous; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tramadol/administration & dosage; Tramadol/blood*; Tramadol/pharmacokinetics; Reproducibility of Results
Quality of life in breast cancer patients: validation of a FACT-B Malayalam version

Pandey M, Thomas BC, Ramdas K, Eremenco S, Nair MK

Qual Life Res, 2002 Mar;11(2):87-90.
PMID: 12018741

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of cancer have led to an increase in cancer survival, and hence, there is a greater emphasis on quality beside quantity of survival. Developing countries too have begun to recognize the need for monitoring quality of life (QOL). However, in most of the developing countries, a validated and reliable tool for the purpose is yet to be realized.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) system is a collection of QOL questionnaires targeted to measure QOL in chronic illness. The functional assessment of cancer therapy for breast cancer (FACT-B) was translated into the local language (Malayalam) and tested for validity and reliability.
RESULTS: The tool thus developed showed substantial sensitivity, as does the source tool. The Cronbach's alpha for the total FACT-B was 0.87, which is similar to the alpha of 0.9 observed in the FACT-B English version. The mean FACT-B score was 94.3 compared to 112.8 for the source tool.
CONCLUSION: The Malayalam translation of the FACT-B questionnaire was developed, tested and validated, and was found satisfactory in comparison to the source tool.

MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology*; Breast Neoplasms/psychology*; Breast Neoplasms/therapy; Female; Humans; India; Malaysia; Middle Aged; Quality of Life*; Surveys and Questionnaires*; Translating; Sickness Impact Profile*
Antibodies against prM protein distinguish between previous infection with dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses

Cardosa MJ, Wang SM, Sum MS, Tio PH

BMC Microbiol, 2002 May 5;2:9.
PMID: 12019028

In Southeast Asia, dengue viruses often co-circulate with other flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, and due to the presence of shared antigenic epitopes it is often difficult to use serological methods to distinguish between previous infections by these flaviviruses.

MeSH terms: Aedes/cytology; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Antibodies, Viral/blood; Brain/virology; Cell Line; Dengue/blood; Dengue/diagnosis*; Dengue Virus/growth & development; Dengue Virus/immunology*; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis, Arbovirus/blood; Encephalitis, Arbovirus/diagnosis*; Humans; Immune Sera; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology*; Viral Proteins/immunology*; Virus Cultivation; Blotting, Western; Flavivirus Infections/blood; Flavivirus Infections/diagnosis*; Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology*; Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/isolation & purification; Mice

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