Browse publications by year: 2000

  1. Koh CK, Hew FL, Chiu CL
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2000 Jul;29(4):528-30.
    PMID: 11056786
    INTRODUCTION: The association of chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity is not well recognised and the potential use of thyroxine in the treatment of chronic urticaria in patients with thyroid autoimmunity is even less well known.

    CLINICAL PICTURE: We report a case of chronic urticaria in an euthyroid patient with evidence of significantly elevated levels of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies.

    TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Treatment with thyroxine has brought about clinical remission of the chronic urticaria but no change in the thyroid antibody levels could be demonstrated.

    CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic urticaria should be screened for evidence of thyroid autoimmunity. A closely monitored trial of thyroxine therapy for those who have thyroid autoimmunity can be rewarding.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Autoantibodies/blood*; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Microsomes/immunology*; Remission Induction; Thyroglobulin/immunology*; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/blood; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/complications*; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy*; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology; Thyroxine/therapeutic use*; Urticaria/etiology*; Drug Monitoring
  2. Iyer L, Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD
    Epidemiol Infect, 2000 Aug;125(1):27-34.
    PMID: 11057956
    Eighty-four strains of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 and non-O1/non-O139 from clinical and environmental sources were investigated for the presence of the toxin co-regulated pilus gene, tcpA, the virulence cassette genes ctxA, zot, ace and cep and also for their ability to elaborate haemolysin and protease. The ctxA and zot genes were detected using DNA-DNA hybridization while the ace, cep and tcpA genes were detected using PCR. Production of haemolysin and protease was detected using mammalian erythrocytes and an agar diffusion assay respectively. Analysis of their virulence profiles showed six different groups designated Type I to Type VI and the major distinguishing factor among these profiles was in the in vitro production of haemolysin and/or protease. Clinical O1, O139 and environmental O1 strains were similar with regard to presence of the virulence cassette genes. All environmental O1 strains with the exception of one were found to possess ctxA, zot and ace giving rise to the probability that these strains may actually be of clinical origin. One strain which had only cep but none of the toxin genes may be a true environmental isolate. The virulence cassette and colonization factor genes were absent in all non-O1/non-O139 environmental strains but production of both the haemolysin and protease was present, indicating that these may be putative virulence factors. These findings suggest that with regard to its pathogenic potential, only strains of the O1 and O139 serogroup that possess the tcpA gene which encodes the phage receptor, have the potential to acquire the CTX genetic element and become choleragenic.
    MeSH terms: Cholera/microbiology*; Cholera/epidemiology; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunodiffusion; Hemolysin Proteins/analysis; Hemolysin Proteins/biosynthesis*; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Endopeptidases/analysis; Endopeptidases/biosynthesis*; Vibrio cholerae/classification; Vibrio cholerae/enzymology; Vibrio cholerae/genetics*; Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity*; Virulence; Polymerase Chain Reaction; DNA Primers
  3. Chan PW, DeBruyne JA
    Pediatr Int, 2000 Oct;42(5):547-51.
    PMID: 11059547
    BACKGROUND: Parental attitudes towards the use of inhaled therapy in children with chronic asthma influence treatment adherence and outcome. In the present study, we evaluated the perceptions and concerns of parents of children with chronic asthma towards inhaled therapy.

    METHODS: A self-administered standard questionnaire was distributed to parents of children attending the Paediatric Asthma Clinic. All these children required inhaled steroids for treatment.

    RESULTS: One-hundred and twelve of 170 parents (66%) surveyed were concerned with inhaled therapy. The most common concern with its use was medication side effects (91%), followed by 'inhaler dependency' (86%), cost of the inhaler (34%) and difficulty in using the inhaler (15%). Parental perception that the oral route was superior to the inhaled route, preference for the oral route for asthma prophylaxis and a higher steroid dose required for prophylaxis were more likely to be associated with concerns towards inhaled therapy. More importantly, these children were also more likely to miss > 25% of their prescribed doses of inhaled steroids (46 vs 22% in the group concerned about inhaled therapy compared with the group that was not concerned, respectively; P = 0.007) and had a higher mean number of nebulization treatments in the last year (3.2 +/- 2.9 vs 1.8 +/- 1.3 in the group concerned about inhaled therapy compared with the group that was not concerned, respectively; P = 0.01).

    CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of parents whose children were on inhaled prophylaxis had concerns towards the use of inhaled therapy. Parental concern towards inhaled therapy appeared to increase the problem of non-adherence to treatment. Education for these parents will need to be addressed to improve asthma management in our patient population.

    MeSH terms: Administration, Inhalation; Asthma/drug therapy*; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*; Male; Parents/psychology*; Patient Compliance; Surveys and Questionnaires; Steroids/administration & dosage; Steroids/adverse effects; Steroids/therapeutic use*
  4. S Fadilah SAW, Cheong SK, Shahdan S
    Postgrad Med J, 2000 Nov;76(901):717, 725-6.
    PMID: 11060153 DOI: 10.1136/pmj.76.901.717
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile/complications; Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnosis*; Bone Marrow Cells/pathology; Burkitt Lymphoma/blood; Burkitt Lymphoma/complications; Burkitt Lymphoma/diagnosis*; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hospitals, University; Humans; Malaysia
  5. Biswal BM, Madhavan M, Anas SR
    Postgrad Med J, 2000 Nov;76(901):719-20, 728-9.
    PMID: 11060156
    MeSH terms: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use; Cryptorchidism/complications*; Humans; Male; Orchiectomy/methods; Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Testicular Neoplasms/etiology; Testicular Neoplasms/therapy; Neoplasms, Second Primary/surgery; Treatment Outcome; Seminoma/diagnosis*; Seminoma/etiology; Seminoma/therapy
  6. Westbury H
    Vet J, 2000 Nov;160(3):165-6.
    PMID: 11061952
    MeSH terms: Animals; Australia; Chiroptera/virology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horse Diseases/virology*; Horses; Humans; Malaysia; Zoonoses/transmission; Zoonoses/virology*; Paramyxovirinae/growth & development*; Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission; Paramyxoviridae Infections/virology*
  7. Hasiah AH, Elsheikh HA, Abdullah AS, Khairi HM, Rajion MA
    Vet J, 2000 Nov;160(3):267-72.
    PMID: 11061964
    The effect of phenobarbitone against signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity was studied in 26 male crossbred sheep. Grazing on signal grass significantly decreased the concentration of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes, viz. aminopyrine-N-demethylase, aniline-4-hydroxylase, UDP- glucuronyltransferase and glutathione-S-transferase in liver and kidneys of affected sheep.Oral administration of phenobarbitone (30 mg/kg body weight) for five consecutive days before grazing on B. decumbens pasture, and thereafter, for three consecutive days every two weeks, resulted in significant increases in hepatic and renal activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes. The induction of drug metabolizing activity in sheep grazing on signal grass group was found to be lower than in animals given phenobarbitone alone. Induction by phenobarbitone provided a degree of protection against the toxic effects of B. decumbens as indicated by the delay in the appearance of signs of toxicity. Furthermore, these were much milder compared to those in the sheep not treated with phenobarbitone. The present study suggests that phenobarbitone-type cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme-induction may increase resistance against signal grass (B. decumbens) toxicity in sheep.
    MeSH terms: Aminopyrine N-Demethylase/biosynthesis; Aniline Hydroxylase/biosynthesis; Animals; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis; Enzyme Induction; Glutathione Transferase/biosynthesis; Poaceae/poisoning*; Kidney/drug effects; Kidney/enzymology; Liver/drug effects; Liver/enzymology; Malaysia; Male; Phenobarbital/administration & dosage; Phenobarbital/pharmacology*; Plant Poisoning/prevention & control; Plant Poisoning/veterinary*; Sheep; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control*; Glucuronosyltransferase/biosynthesis
  8. Nandi JS, Bhavalkar-Potdar V, Tikute S, Raut CG
    Virology, 2000 Nov 10;277(1):6-13.
    PMID: 11062030
    As a simian species, the langurs are not known to harbor simian retroviruses, except for one report on a simian Type D endogenous retrovirus from the spectacled langur (Trachypithecus obscurus) from Malaysia. The present report describes for the first time natural infection of the common Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) from India by a novel simian retrovirus (SRV). The new SRV is phylogenetically related to but distinct from the three molecularly characterized serotypes, SRV 1-3, of the five known serotypes of SRVs, based on sequence analyses from the 3'orf and env regions of the viral genome. The novel SRV isolated from the Indian Hanuman langur is provisionally named SRV-6.
    MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cercopithecidae/virology*; India; Malaysia; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny*; Retroviridae Infections/veterinary*; Retroviridae Infections/virology; Serotyping; Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary*; Tumor Virus Infections/virology; Retroviruses, Simian/classification*; Retroviruses, Simian/genetics; Retroviruses, Simian/isolation & purification; Gene Products, env/genetics*; Gene Products, env/chemistry; Genes, env; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Primate Diseases/virology*; Evolution, Molecular
  9. Sekhar WY, Devi S
    Singapore Med J, 2000 May;41(5):226-31.
    PMID: 11063173
    A seroepidemiology study was done in response to the recent increase of Endemic Typhus cases diagnosed at University Hospital. The serosurvey was based on doctors' request for the Weil Felix (WF) or the Indirect Immunoperoxidase (IIP) test in Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) patients for the years 1991 to 1997. Over the 7 years, we found that the incidence of Endemic typhus is increasing with gender (male:female = 2:1), age (20-40 years) and race distribution (Indians > Malay > Chinese) that reflects socioeconomic circumstances. A commercially available ELISA dot assay [INDX (E2R3) Dip-S-Ticks], for the detection of antibodies against R. typhi was compared with the indirect immunoperoxidase test (IIP). The ELISA assay was done against 219 IIP tested sera. The Dip-S-Ticks was found to be comparable to the IIP with a sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 92.8% at cut-off titres of > 1:80 IIP.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis*; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Rickettsia typhi/immunology*; Serologic Tests; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/diagnosis; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/epidemiology*; Prevalence
  10. Sharma S, Abdullah N
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Apr;41(4):147-50.
    PMID: 11063177
    Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving one hundred ASA I-II patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Aged; Antiemetics/administration & dosage*; Double-Blind Method; Droperidol/administration & dosage*; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Metoclopramide/administration & dosage*; Middle Aged; Probability; Prospective Studies; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects*; Chi-Square Distribution; Treatment Outcome; Ondansetron/administration & dosage*; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/drug therapy; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/etiology; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/prevention & control*
  11. Shamsuddin K, Haris MA
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Apr;41(4):167-71.
    PMID: 11063181
    Objectives: To measure the prevalence of cigarette smoking among male secondary school children and assess their family influence especially that of their fathers' smoking habits on their current smoking habits.
    Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kota Bharu, Kelantan in April 1997 where 460 male form four students, aged 15-16 years were randomly selected from six secondary schools. Data on smoking habits, sociodemographic profile and family characteristics particularly parents and siblings' smoking habits, perceived parental supervision and communication were collected through self-administered questionnaires.
    Results: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among male secondary school children was 33.2%. Crude analysis shows family factors, fathers' and siblings' smoking habits, and lack of parental supervision were significantly associated with the students' current smoking habit. Among students who smoked compared to non-smokers, father's smoking habit gives a crude Odds Ratio = 1.8, 95% C.I. 1.08 - 3.16. Further analysis shows that the effect of their father's smoking habit on the student's current smoking habit is still significant after controlling for other familial and non-familial factors including parental supervision, academic performance, reported influence of cigarette advertisement, having friends who smoked and the student's poor knowledge of the ill-effects of smoking and other factors (Odds Ratio = 1.9, 95% C.I 1.05 - 3.32). In conclusion, family factors especially the father's smoking habit is an important factor that influences a student's current smoking habit and the presence of negative role models within the home need to be seriously considered in any cigarette smoking prevention programs among secondary school adolescents.
    Keywords: smoking, male students, adolescents, family influence, father’s smoking habit
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior*; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Male; Parent-Child Relations*; Surveys and Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Singapore/epidemiology; Smoking/epidemiology*; Smoking/prevention & control; Socioeconomic Factors; Prevalence; Confidence Intervals; Odds Ratio
  12. Japaraj RP, Sivalingam N
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Mar;41(3):126-8.
    PMID: 11063197
    Hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus is a rare occurrence with an incidence of I per 22,000-100,000 pregnancies. It is associated with persistent gestational trophoblastic tumour. Hence an early and correct diagnosis is imperative to plan subsequent management of such patients. We report a case of a primigravida who presented with vaginal bleeding at early second trimester. Expectant management was carried out for her pregnancy which finally ended in an abortion. The pathology, clinical findings and current management of this rare entity is discussed.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Hydatidiform Mole/diagnosis; Hydatidiform Mole/pathology*; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Multiple*; Twins*; Uterine Neoplasms/diagnosis; Uterine Neoplasms/pathology*
  13. Ling SG
    Ann Trop Paediatr, 2000 Sep;20(3):227-30.
    PMID: 11064777 DOI: 10.1080/02724936.2000.11748139
    A descriptive study using data from the medical records of 448 children with febrile convulsion was carried out to determine the seizure characteristics and use of anti-convulsant therapy for febrile convulsions in a Malaysian hospital. There was a higher incidence of multiple seizures and a lower incidence of focal seizures in the local population than in studies done among Western populations. The majority of initial seizures occurred within 24 h of fever onset. Transient neurological abnormalities following an acute seizure were common. A quarter of children referred by general practitioners had been given anti-convulsants prior to referral but up to 20% of general practitioners had used ineffective routes for administering diazepam. However, diazepam used in the hospital was found to be effective in controlling acute febrile seizures.
    MeSH terms: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*; Child; Child, Preschool; China/ethnology; Seizures, Febrile/drug therapy*; Seizures, Febrile/ethnology*; Diazepam/therapeutic use; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, University; Humans; India/ethnology; Infant; Malaysia; Malaysia/ethnology; Male; Retrospective Studies
  14. Saleh MI, Koh YM, Tan SC, Aishah AL
    Analyst, 2000 Sep;125(9):1569-72.
    PMID: 11064937
    Salbutamol ¿2-(tert-butylamino)-1-[4-hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)phenyl]ethanol¿, also known as albuterol, is clinically the most widely used beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist in the treatment of bronchial asthma. During this study, we evaluated liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) in order to develop a reliable extraction method followed by analysis using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. An assay is described which involves SPE as the clean-up method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine salbutamol levels in human serum after oral administration. The SPE method requires the use of a hyper-cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene bonded phase (ENV+) without involving any sample pre-treatment to obtain 60-65% recoveries for salbutamol and terbutaline as the internal standard. Distilled water and 1% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol were found to be the most suitable washing solvent and eluting solvent, respectively. A detection limit of 2 ng mL-1 was achieved by derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide to form trimethylsilyl (TMS)-salbutamol (m/z 369) and TMS-terbutaline (m/z 356). The relationship between the ratio of the peak area of salbutamol to that of the internal standard and concentration was linear for the range tested (2-200 ng mL-1) and the correlation of coefficient was 0.9999 with a y-intercept not significantly different from zero. The inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) was < 10% for all three concentrations. The intra-day RSD was 14% for 2 ng mL-1. This assay was then successfully applied to human serum samples obtained from clinical trials after oral administration of salbutamol.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Albuterol/analysis*; Albuterol/blood; Albuterol/urine; Bronchodilator Agents/analysis*; Bronchodilator Agents/blood; Bronchodilator Agents/urine; Humans; Male; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Reproducibility of Results
  15. Spohr MH
    Healthc Inform, 2000 Apr;17(4):49-52, 54.
    PMID: 11066568
    MeSH terms: Computer Communication Networks/organization & administration*; Contract Services; Government Programs; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Software; State Medicine/organization & administration*; Telemedicine/instrumentation; Telemedicine/organization & administration*
  16. Navaratnam V, Mansor SM, Sit NW, Grace J, Li Q, Olliaro P
    Clin Pharmacokinet, 2000 Oct;39(4):255-70.
    PMID: 11069212
    Various compounds of the artemisinin family are currently used for the treatment of patients with malaria worldwide. They are characterised by a short half-life and feature the most rapidly acting antimalarial drugs to date. They are increasingly being used, often in combination with other drugs, although our knowledge of their main pharmacological features (including their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) is still incomplete. Such data are particularly important in the case of combinations. Artemisinin derivatives are converted primarily, but to different extents, to the bioactive metabolite artenimol after either parenteral or gastrointestinal administration. The rate of conversion is lowest for artelinic acid (designed to protect the molecule against metabolism) and highest for the water-soluble artesunate. The absolute and relative bioavailability of these compounds has been established in animals, but not in humans, with the exception of artesunate. Oral bioavailability in animals ranges, approximately, between 19 and 35%. A first-pass effect is highly probably for all compounds when administered orally. Artemisinin compounds bind selectively to malaria-infected erythrocytes to yet unidentified targets. They also bind modestly to human plasma proteins, ranging from 43% for artenimol to 81.5% for artelinic acid. Their mode of action is still not completely understood, although different theories have been proposed. The lipid-soluble artemether and artemotil are released slowly when administered intramuscularly because of the 'depot' effect related to the oil formulation. Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of these 2 drugs helps us to explain the characteristics of the toxicity and neurotoxicity. The water-soluble artesunate is rapidly converted to artenimol at rates that vary with the route of administration, but the processes need to be characterised further, including the relative contribution of pH and enzymes in tissues, blood and liver. This paper intends to summarise contemporary knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of this class of compounds and highlight areas that need further research.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Antimalarials/metabolism; Antimalarials/pharmacokinetics*; Antimalarials/therapeutic use; Biological Availability; Humans; Malaria/drug therapy; Tissue Distribution
  17. Quek KF, Low WY, Razack AH, Loh CS
    BJU Int, 2000 Oct;86(6):630-3.
    PMID: 11069367
    OBJECTIVE: To assess and evaluate the level of depression, anxiety and psychiatric status in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) before and after treatment by surgery or drugs.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 123 patients (mean age 64.6 years, SD 7. 95) with LUTS who were treated medically (with alpha-blockers, i.e. terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and alfuzosin), and 52 patients (mean age 69.6 years, SD 7.94) with LUTS and confirmed to have benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Both groups were assessed at baseline and 3 months after treatment using standardized questionnaires (the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire-12).

    RESULTS: Patients before TURP were significantly more depressed, worried and psychiatrically morbid than were those before medical treatment. Three months after medical and surgical treatment, there was significantly less depression, anxiety and psychiatric morbidity in the TURP than in the medication group.

    CONCLUSIONS: TURP is a better treatment than medication for minimising anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity after treatment in patients with LUTS, but causes greater psychological stress before treatment.

    MeSH terms: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/therapeutic use; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anxiety Disorders/etiology*; Depressive Disorder/etiology*; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Prostatic Hyperplasia/psychology*; Transurethral Resection of Prostate/psychology
  18. Suleiman AB, Merican I
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):1-6.
    PMID: 11072483
    MeSH terms: Malaysia; Research/trends*
  19. Azhar MZ
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):7-13.
    PMID: 11072484
    A number of psychological approaches to alleviating psychotic symptoms have been reported in the literature. The latest technique among them is cognitive therapy (CT). This paper describes an open trial that makes use of cognitive psychotherapy to treat chronic drug resistant delusions (more than 2 years duration) in 20 patients with schizophrenia. The positive response of all patients with the absence of symptom replacement and maintenance of response at 3 months follow-up, seem to imply that this technique is useful and more effort needs to be invested into this new area of psychotherapy for psychosis. This paper also shows that those patients on risperidone maintenance respond better to CT than those on other neuroleptics.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Chronic Disease; Female; Hospitals, University; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia/therapy*; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use*; Cognitive Therapy*; Clinical Trial; Risperidone/therapeutic use*
  20. Chan AYK, Hooi LS
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):14-20.
    PMID: 11072485
    Retrospective analysis was done on 85 patients (76 female, 9 male) with lupus nephritis who started intravenous cyclophosphamide between 1/1/1989 and 31/12/1998. The initial renal biopsy (World Health Organisation) classification was III (4.7%), IV (89.4%) and V (5.9%). Average serum creatinine at time of biopsy was 0.12 +/- 0.12 mmol/l. Median duration of nephritis before biopsy was 2 months (range 0-133). Median duration of follow-up from time of biopsy to outcome (death or end-stage renal failure) was 3.3 years (range 0.3-11.8). Nineteen patients died. The calculated proportion alive at 5 years was 75% and at 10 years 64%. The calculated proportion alive with renal function was 74% and 54% at 5 and 10 years respectively. Fifty-two patients completed cyclophosphamide therapy at the end of the study. There were ten episodes of herpes zoster, the most common infection seen. No malignancy was reported.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use*; Female; Hospitals, General; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use*; Injections, Intravenous; Lupus Nephritis/drug therapy*; Malaysia; Male; Clinical Trial; Treatment Outcome
External Links